水生植物对不同氮磷水平养殖尾水的综合净化能力比较

为了筛选适用于不同氮磷浓度畜禽养殖尾水的生态浮岛优势物种，选取水芹、凤眼莲、鸢尾、再力花、黄菖蒲5种挺水植物和狐尾藻、伊乐藻、金鱼藻3种沉水植物，通过模拟实验考察了这8种植物在不同氮磷浓度条件下的生长特征及其对水中氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总磷（TP）、COD的去除效率，并对其进行曲线回归及主成分分析，综合评价不同水生植物对畜禽养殖废水中氮磷的净化功能。结果表明：凤眼莲、再力花在较低氮磷水平（NH₄⁺-N 80~120 mg·L^-1，TP 8~16 mg·L^-1）下的去除能力明显高于其他水生植物；水芹和黄菖蒲在较高氮磷水平（NH₄⁺-N 180~220 mg·L^-1，TP 30~35 mg·L^-1）下的去除效果较好，并具有良好的适应能力；沉水植物中狐尾藻净化效果较好，生物量增长显著（P<0.05）；凤眼莲在实验过程中虽净化能力良好，但易引发次生环境问题，应谨慎选择，因地制宜。     

河南省草莓棒孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确河南省草莓棒孢叶斑病病原菌,采用组织分离法对其进行分离纯化,通过形态学和分子生物学手段对其进行鉴定,并对其致病性、寄主范围及生物学特性进行测定,同时对其前期侵染过程进行显微观察。结果表明,从草莓病叶中共分离得到5株形态特征一致的菌株,其菌落中央略隆起,呈浅灰褐色,边缘呈白色,气生菌丝绒毛状且致密;分生孢子呈圆柱形或倒棍棒形,大小为30～252μm×5～10μm,呈半透明至浅棕色,假隔膜6～17个,基脐加厚;基于ITS、EF-1α和TUB序列的系统发育分析结果显示,代表菌株ZM170455与不同寄主来源的多主棒孢霉Corynespora cassiicola聚为同一分支;该病原菌寄主范围广,除草莓外还能侵染黄瓜、辣椒和空心菜等10种经济作物,形成典型病斑。根据形态学特征和分子生物学特征将河南省草莓棒孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定为多主棒孢霉C. cassiicola。多主棒孢霉侵染前期,其分生孢子萌发产生芽管,而芽管顶端可在远离气孔的位置形成类似附着胞的结构。多主棒孢霉最适温度范围为25～30℃,最适pH为6～10,在光暗交替条件下菌丝生长最快,最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为KNO_3<...     

On-farm seed priming for barley on normal,saline and saline–sodic soils in North West Frontier Province,Pakistan

“On-farm” seed priming (soaking seeds in water prior to sowing) has been shown effective in producing earlier germination, better establishment and increased yields in a range of crops in many diverse environments. We carried out microplot, on-station and on-farm field experiments and participatory trials in several environments, including saline, saline–sodic and normal (non-saline, non-sodic) soils, in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan over a number of years to assess the effect of priming on barley yields. In general, priming was found to increase yields of both grain and straw (an important product in NWFP agriculture). Grain yield increases due to priming were up to 53% in the participatory trials. Optimum duration of priming was between 12 and 16 h, and the response to priming was better in low potential environments than under better conditions. Priming was also more advantageous on saline–sodic than on saline soils, possibly as a result of the water content of the soil. It was concluded that “on-farm” priming of barley could be recommended to farmers in NWFP and in similar environments in other parts of the world who produce barley both for grain and for fodder.     

牛肉加热过程中水分迁移规律研究

采用100℃隔水加热方式加热牛肉28 min,每隔7 min采集一次样品,利用LF-NMR技术初步探讨牛肉加热过程中水分迁移规律。结果表明:随着加热时间的延长,牛肉蒸煮损失呈现上升趋势,剪切力不断增大,核磁数据显示牛肉内部水分状态组成变化显著,T2弛豫时间逐渐变短,不易流动水T22占比逐渐减少,自由水T23占比逐渐增多,且随着加热时间的延长,不易流动水和自由水很难在T2弛豫谱上分开,峰宽变大趋势明显,核磁成像结果显示加热会降低牛肉内部的水分含量。相关性分析结果表明:T21与牛肉的蒸煮损失呈显著正相关,T22与牛肉的蒸煮损失、剪切力呈显著负相关,T22峰面积占比与T2b、牛肉的蒸煮损失、剪切力呈显著负相关。由此得出加热处理对牛肉内部的水分分布和质构特性产生显著影响,同时两者之间存在相关性。